Browsing by Subject "F31 - Tipos de cambio"
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- Análisis histórico del tipo de cambio real en Costa RicaThe Real Exchange Rate (RER) is a relative price that determines the allocation of resources in an economy, therefore it has an impact on economic activity and, in addition, reflects the conditions that affect competitiveness in international trade. Its analysis and interpretation must be carried out in a complementary way with internal and external macroeconomic variables. In this paper, the RER in Costa Rica is analyzed from a historical perspective for the period 1957-2020, together with the trajectory of its long-term macroeconomic fundamentals and the exchange rate regime in force at each moment. There is also included an estimation of the equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) using the approach called Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER). It is documented that the macroeconomic fundamentals of the ERER have varied substantially in ways that affected the RER in different directions, and that the latter has mostly remained on a path consistent with the equilibrium dictated by its macroeconomic fundamentals.
- Una aproximación del tipo de cambio real para Costa Rica, enfoque BEER 2007-2022This paper describes the methodology and results of estimating the equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) using the reduced-form approach known as the Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER). The real exchange rate (RER) equation is estimated with quarterly data in the period between I-2007 and IV-2022, which coincides with the adoption of exchange rate flexibility regimes in Costa Rica. The results indicate that the path of the ERER is explained by the evolution of its fundamentals: labor productivity, government expenditure, international investment position, terms of trade and the difference among local and external interest rates. Improvements in labor productivity, increases in Government spending and increases in the spread of local and external interest rates are correlated with downward movements in the equilibrium path of the RER (real appreciations). On the other hand, the more negative result in the international investment position and a fall in terms of trade explains movements towards real depreciations. During the period of analysis, there is no evidence of RER deviations from its equilibrium level beyond the coherence zone determined. Therefore, the variations on the ERER trajectory are consistent with the behavior of its fundamentals.
- Los efectos de la crisis financiera de 2008 en el tipo de cambio real de equilibrio en Costa RicaWe study how the changes in international trade flows observed after the 2008 financial crisis affected the Costa Rican balance of payments accounts, and how the equilibrium real exchange rate reacted to these changes. To fulfill this objective, we estimate long term relations between the balance of payments accounts and their fundamentals. In these estimations, we include a structural change variable to capture the financial crisis effects on the behavior of these variables. Further, we estimate the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate by using the Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rate (FEER) and Desired Equilibrium Exchange Rate (DEER) methodologies. The results show that the exports and imports elasticity with respect to the real exchange rate decreased after the crisis. Consequently, by considering the effect of the crisis, we conclude that the real exchange rate falldown observed between 2008 and 2011 can be explained by movementes in its equilibrium value. However, between 2012 and 2016 we observed a small real appreciation, which can be associated to sovereign debt issues in international markets during that period.
- Estabilidad de las expectativas de inflaciónThis article studies whether the average inflation expectation from the Central Bank of Costa Rica (BCCR by its initials in Spanish) Encuesta de expectativas de inflación y tipo de cambio are stable. By stability we refer to the fact that these short-term expectations’ behavior is unrelated to the inflation´s behavior, and that the dispersion of the respondents’ report is small. We use a broad range of techniques that have been developed in the literature to study this phenomenon. We obtain as main conclusion that inflation expectations are not yet stable, though they have become more stable during the last years. However, the expectations’ stability seems to be a result of the respondents preferring a simple forecast method to form their expectations as using the inflation target as their forecast, rather than a stronger trust of the agents in the BCCR.
- Expectativas de inflación en el mercado de deuda soberana costarricense: ¿están ancladas?This article uses government and central bank’s debt transactions to extract a measure of inflation and exchange rate variation expectations for Costa Rica. For this purpose we utilize a linear model of interest rates that extends the methodology proposed by Gimeno y Marqués (2012). I show that the implicit expectations from the model provide better forecasts of inflation and exchange rate than the ones collected through the survey implemented by the Central Bank of Costa Rica (BCCR). I find strong evidence that during the most recent years the long run implicit inflation expectations have been anchored to a value below the target announced by the BCCR.
- Indicador para el seguimiento del saldo de reservas internacionales netas (RIN) para Costa RicaThis document presents an indicator for monitoring the balance of international reserves. This indicator is based on the Assessing Reserve Adequacy (ARA) metric, a methodology proposed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to identify the level of adequate reserves. The indicator reflects a broad range of potential sources of external instability in the economy. In addition, according to studies carried out by the IMF, the indicator is best at predicting episodes of external crises than other alternative measures of adequate reserves. It is suggested to consider the indicator designed for economies with a floating exchange rate for its application to the case of Costa Rica, in line with the exchange regime adopted in 2015. The indicator is estimated for the country for the period 2019 to 2022, where it is concluded that the reserves were above the minimum adequate level suggested by the IMF in most quarters.
- Reservas internacionales netas adecuadas y óptimas en Costa RicaThis research analyzes the level of international reserves for Costa Rica from the first quarter of 2015 to the third quarter of 2020. Both the adequate reserves approach and the optimal reserves approach are used. In the approach of adequate reserves, the indicators of imports, monetary aggregates, external debt service, the Wijnholds and Kapteyn (2001) indicator, and the metric of adequate reserves of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are considered. In the optimal reserves approach, a model is proposed that contemplates an economy with deposits in foreign currency, terms of trade, and endogenous probability of balance of payments crisis. In general, it is concluded that international reserves in Costa Rica are at levels considered adequate according to the five indicators analyzed. Likewise, reserves are at levels close to optimal. Based on the projections of the Macroeconomic Program 2021-2022, it is estimated that during 2021 and 2022, reserves would meet the levels suggested by the indicators for most of the quarters, although sometimes the gap between recommended reserve levels and projected reserves could reach a maximum of up to 1,66 pp of GDP.